Juvenile Delinquency Criminological Theories

Adolescent Delinquency Criminological Theories Presentation The reason for this paper is to clarify adolescent misconduct utilizing three criminological hypotheses. These incorporate the wrecked windows hypothesis, the way of life of the group hypothesis and the social disruption theory.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Juvenile Delinquency: Criminological Theories explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Criminological Theories Shaw and McKay (1942, pp. 89-102) built up the social complication hypothesis, which clarifies wrongdoing in wording neighborhood elements. As indicated by Shaw and McKay (1942, pp. 89-102), socio-financially denied neighborhoods are socially disordered. This is on the grounds that such neighborhoods are described with ethnic heterogeneity, low financial accomplishments, and high private portability. These elements contrarily influence the casual and formal organizations of social control, for example, schools, family, and houses of worship. Therefore, guideline of conduct d ecays and adolescent wrongdoing expands (Gary, 2003, pp. 10-25). Socially scattered neighborhoods additionally advance the improvement of criminal conventions, which are effectively passed from age to age of young people. For this situation, youngsters learn star reprobate perspectives through customary connections with more seasoned adolescents. In this manner, adolescent misconduct rates will be high in zones where conduct control components are missing and the transmission of reprobate qualities is high. Wilson and Kelling (1982, pp. 29-38) built up the wrecked windows hypothesis to clarify wrongdoing and adolescent misconduct. The hypothesis looks at networks to houses whose windows are broken after some time. Houses whose wrecked windows are fixed quickly send the message that the proprietors are in control and are probably going to turn away future endeavors to break the windows. On the other hand, houses whose messed up windows are unattended to give the feeling that nobody i s in control, subsequently promising vandals to break more windows. In such manner, adolescent misconduct is probably going to be high in networks with powerless or no social controls. Wilson and Kelling (1982, pp. 29-38) affirm that adolescent wrongdoing rate is probably going to increment if minor offenses are permitted to develop into genuine wrongdoing. This gives the feeling that there are no formal or casual social control frameworks to manage the conduct of people. At last, reprobate young people will rush in territories with no social request, though dependable and trained individuals will move to zones with low crime percentages. This clarifies the distinction in the degree of adolescent wrongdoing in various urban communities or communities.Advertising Looking for paper on criminology? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cohen (1955, pp. 173-177) built up the way of life of the pack hypothesis to clarify the source of ad olescent wrongdoing. As per Cohen (1955, pp. 173-177), objective blockage is the fundamental driver of adolescent misconduct. Specifically, the young try to become individuals from the working class in their networks. Be that as it may, when they neglect to accomplish this goal or desire through lawful or illicit methods, they will in general make attainable elective status frameworks. This includes receiving values that are against traditional worth frameworks. Compactly, the young who can't accomplish the white collar class status or some other objective are probably going to take part in adolescent wrongdoing as a way to accomplish an elective status. End The social confusion hypothesis and the wrecked windows hypothesis propose that adolescent wrongdoing is brought about by absence of social control systems. This can be delineated by the high adolescent wrongdoing rates in networks with powerless control organizations, for example, the police, schools, and family. The way of lif e of the pack hypothesis, then again, proposes that the adolescent will receive non-traditional qualities and take part in wrongdoing on the off chance that they can't accomplish their objectives. References Cohen, A. (1955). Reprobate young men: The way of life of the group. New York, NY: Free Press. Gary, J. (2003). Social disorder hypothesis. New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. Shaw, C., McKay, H. (1942). Adolescent wrongdoing and urban zones. Chicago, CH: University of Chicago Press.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Juvenile Delinquency: Criminological Theories explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wilson, J., Kelling, G. (1982, March 1). Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), pp. 29-38.

creatives Review Essay Example

creatives Review Paper Article on creatives The book has been perused by me affected by cognizance truly destroying the publicizing organization. From one viewpoint, discreetly laid in your psyche the gossipy tidbits that a book composed evidently Mamut.S the other hand, I for one gave me the harmony that is so exceptional vivaciously advancing AST distributing house, and what a book where the publicizing organization posted such a lot of cash. Snooping around can lead to unexpected trouble and me for this situation. In any case, Im mentally this was completely prepared, simply realize that it will be rubbish. As a matter of fact what occurred. This isn't the assortment of subjects and a net woven from a mess of various sorts of pictures, composing habits and styles. So as to show that the writer has a base degree of scholarly book vbuhivayut Gumilev promptly realiti-appear, made me a relationship with Amã ©lie Nothomb and her book about the remorseless unscripted TV drama Sulfuric Acid, now and again like a lady is old spouses and not female discussions, brimming with life Author primitivism, or maybe brigada-mnogostanochnikov needed to give the similitude with the Master and Margarita. Â » We will compose a custom exposition test on creatives Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on creatives Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on creatives Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer the city strolls no doubt sky, who else? sent an animal that takes various pictures, and sticks to the passers-by drawing in with them in different discoursed, in which, through the narrative of stories turns the basic truth on its head. Placing life into a saying that isn't done - That better. On the off chance that you suspect as much, at that point this isn't the situation. Im not for this situation of the tried and true way of thinking, and for good writing. What's more, in any event for moral, (ha, guileless!) Advertising efforts. On a basic level, I have consistently been guided by an unmistakable guideline, effectively reklamiruyut-be careful - will be untidy and books chose by turning, appraisal language characterized by distributers. Be that as it may, at that point, something broke .Voobsche bombs feeling that I dirtied to some soil.

Information for Friends and Families of Alcoholics

Information for Friends and Families of Alcoholics Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print Information for Families of Alcoholics Dealing With Alcoholism in the Family By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 02, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 02, 2019 More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use There are many resources on this site which are intended to help those who have a drinking problem, but also just as many for the families and friends of alcoholics. After all, alcoholism is considered a family disease that can affect  all members of the family whether they realize it or not.?? Do You Need Help? Why Do I  Need Help? Hes the Alcoholic!The disease of alcoholism affects everyone in the family, whether they realize it or not. Here is why alcoholism is a disease of the whole family, including the spouse and children. Even if the alcoholic seeks help, you may still need assistance to overcome the effects on you as a family member. How Can I Get Him to Stop?When family members of those who are alcohol-dependent ask the above question about a drinker, the answer is never simple.?? Enabling - When Helping Doesnt Really HelpMany times when family and friends try to help alcoholics, they are actually making it easier for them to continue in the progression of the disease.?? Quiz:  Are You Enabling an Alcoholic?Sometimes the things we think are helping are actually hurting. This quiz can show you which behaviors are enabling the alcoholic in your life. Quiz:  Alcohol Problem ScreeningAre you concerned you may be developing a problem with alcohol yourself??? Complete this for some answers. Quiz:  Adult Children of AlcoholicsDid you grow up in an alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional family? Those who grow up in homes where there is  alcohol abuse  or alcoholism are sometimes affected in ways they do not even realize.?? How Families Are Affected by Alcoholism Enabling: Games Alcoholic Families PlayYou didnt cause it and you cant control it. But could you be contributing to the problem? If you find yourself locked into  playing a role in the alcoholics life, maybe you need to call time out. Denial - A Symptom of Alcoholism?One of the most frustrating factors in dealing with alcoholism, as a relative, friend or professional, is that alcoholism is almost always accompanied by a phenomenon known as denial.?? What About the Children in Alcoholic Families? Growing Up AlcoholicallyGrowing up in a home with an active alcoholic can affect how a child looks at life and almost everything in it.?? Adult ChildrenMost of us who grew up in families affected by the disease of alcoholism never really did grow up. What Can You Do to Help? InterventionSometimes when the alcoholics problems reach the crisis level the only choice left to his family is professional intervention.?? Detachment - Letting Go of Someone Elses ProblemFor the friends and family of the alcoholic, the key to serenity is finding the wisdom to know the difference between what they can and cannot change.?? Al-Anon Family GroupsThe Al-Anon Family Groups are a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems.?? Find out more about these groups and how to find one near you. Al-Anon Meeting Discussion TopicsA discussion of 40 topics of interest to families of alcoholics and newcomers to Al-Anon. How Alcoholism Affects Everyone in the Family

A Comparison between To His Coy Mistress and Sonnet 116...

A Comparison between To His Coy Mistress and Sonnet 116 The poem To His Coy Mistress was written in the mid 17th century by Andrew Marvell, being written in this time Marvells poem was unable to be published as its taboo content was unfavoured by the puritans in power at the time. Whereas Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare was written in the late 16th century, a time of liberation and freedom for the stage and literature. Both poems are similar in theme and yet different in approach, they both pursue the theme of love although Marvell in a satirical Carpe Diem love style whereas Shakespeare in a traditional sonnet style. To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell is about a young mans attempts to lure a woman into bed†¦show more content†¦The title To His Coy Mistress implies a certain falseness as the word coy is almost an insincere form of modest, it indicates that this mistress were indeed not coy rather falsely coy in order to gain assurance of his feelings towards her for her own validation. The first line Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness lady were no crime. introduces the theme of time and lack of a crucial theme in the poem, the lover also accuses this coyness of being criminal by saying HAD we but world enough and time, this coyness lady were no crime implying that they do not have time therefore this coyness is a crime, this is clever use of irony which is also a constant theme throughout the poem. Marvell also uses soft alliteration such as long loves to lull the reader into believing his intentions honourable, he uses flattery all throughout the first section of the poem though he changes his tactics throughout the poem. The lover tries to create the image of himself as a committed patient lover with promises of waiting for her if she should travel to the Indian Ganges without complaint andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Amer. Lit2033 Words   |  9 Pagesassigned sonnets, Herrick’s â€Å"To the Virgins,† and Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress.† Although their images differ, what do all these poets seem to be saying about time? Be specific when referring to the poems. The imagery is very different, but all of the poems and poets seem to be saying time is important in life. In Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 he says, â€Å"And every fair from fair sometime declines,† when explaining the inevitable decline in appearance of his friend (Line 7). In Shakespeare’s Sonnet 29 heRead MoreHow the Negative and Positive Impacts of Love Are Explored Using Various Main Characters in the Play ‘Much Ado About Nothing’5155 Words   |  21 Pagesgenders as equal. Consequently as the play progresses the Elizabethan audience would relate a lot more to the courtly love that Hero and Claudio comprise. The more unconventional relationship between Beatrice and Benedick may relate more to the relationships in this day and age. The strongest bond of love is between Beatrice and Benedick due to their cerebral relationship, a meeting of minds, as well as having a fun relationship grounded on loyalty. They experience negative impacts of love before the

Slavery And Its Effects On African Americans - 1391 Words

America just like other nation has had its dark times. America has gone through a dreadful past. It once decided to own people as property and deprive them of their human equality and rights that were basic to life. America deprived African Americans of their liberties and enslaved them. Slavery played a huge role in the economy. Slavery did provide the means for whites to build wealth, income, and status while African Americans have continued to struggle. The oppression and segregation and the lack of rights made it impossible for African Americans to have any political and economic power to change their position. African Americans were basically deprived of their rights to vote and use the power of the government in their own favor to better their living standards. However reparation is not needed. Many may argue that reparation is what African Americans need to better themself now in the current economy states Robert L. Allen, yet it is impossible to establish who s a descendant? The â€Å"Economist† argues that their laws in play that deny and prohibit reparations from corporations and companies. Ask yourself how can we put a price tag on something that happened nearly two and a half centuries ago? In what form would this payment be? How will the central government handle this? How will the economy handle such a large debt? Why should American taxpayers, who never owned slaves, pay for the sins of their ancestors? It is impossible to forecast such a large change in theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Slavery on African Americans1909 Words   |  8 PagesSlavery, due to its overall violent nature, had lasting effects on African American’s. Enslaved African Americans faced tremendous turmoil internally and within society with all that they had to deal with. The most apparent and disastrous affects of slavery during the 18th century was the overall dissolution of society in regards to human rights, families, and the inability for slaves to voice a n opinion of their own. Slavery brought forth major suffering. African American’s who were enslaved experiencedRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On African Americans990 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery was not fun for the African Americans and they found ways to resist this degrading position that they were forced into. The slaves would rearrange the lyrics to Christian music and sung the songs to express themselves and send a message to their masters. The enslaved African Americans would even bring harm to themselves so they would not be any additional benefit to the slave masters in multiple ways. They reverted to drastic measures to resist this awful feeling and condition by cuttingRead MoreThe Horrific Effects Of Slavery On African Americans1649 Words   |  7 PagesMany are aware of the gruesome effects of slavery. But how many take into consideration the minute, yet very significant, basic privileges that were revoked from the innocent, enslaved African Americans? A majority of slaves were prohibited from knowing birth dates, family heritage, common arithmetic, and much more. A fear so great that the agglomeration of African Americans would rise up, forced government officials to set certain codes (rules) that ultimately preempted rebellion and escape. TheseRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Slavery On African Americans839 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery was a sad event that African Americans had to go through in America starting in the sixteen hundredths. Slavery was bad because African Americans were kidnapped from Africa by Slave Traders and put on slave ships that enslave d African Americans. The Atlantic Slave Trade is the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people. Mainly from Africa to America and then, Africans were sold into slavery. Innocent African Americans were captured and beaten almost to death in captivity byRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On African American Communities1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdevastating effects of slavery on African-American communities. Slaves faced degradation, brutality, sexual exploitation, and inadequate living conditions. Some colonists viewed slavery was immoral and inhumane and supported the abolition of this practice. However, this issue continued to exist in the early American republic because of slavery’s immense role in driving the national economy and the protection of slavery by the Constitution and Southern politicians. The institution of slavery was necessaryRead MoreEffects of Slavery on the African American Family1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of slavery on the African American family were tremendous. From slave mothers and fathers having their children taken away and sold, to brothers and sisters being split apart, to having the actual slave-owner being the one to father children with slaves, to even say that African American families even existed might sound ridiculous. But they did exist; it just depends on what you might define as a family. Slavery did not weaken or dissolve the African American family. Instead, itRead MoreThe Effects of Slavery on the African-American Family Structure1272 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Slavery on the African American Family Structure Slavery had an immense impact on African American families, as the familial dynamic of the African American family was in many ways responsible for the stereotypes surrounding black families in the present moment. Not only were families the sole property of their slave owner, but there were laws restricting their rights and privileges. However, despite the fact that the African American slave family existed in a perpetually tumultuousRead MoreLasting Effects Slavery Has Had on African American Culture Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the colonial period early American settlers came up with the idea to bring African natives overseas to America and use them as slaves. The white man was higher up than the black man in society at the time because of the color of his skin. Americans consider this the biggest blight on our history. The shame of this period in our history still continues today for many whites, but many blacks still feel angry and oppressed. With the election of our fi rst black president, we are really showingRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved : Dehumanization Of Slavery And Its Effects On African Americans And Their Basic Forms Of1268 Words   |  6 PagesToni Morrison’s Beloved shows the dehumanization of slavery and its effects on African-Americans and their basic forms of existence—specifically motherhood. Morrison depicts the strong maternal bond between Sethe and her children. Most importantly, her use of Sethe’s controversial act of infanticide shows the lengths that Sethe will take to protect her children from slavery. Morrison’s depiction of Sethe’s motherhood shows how slavery has deconstructed the Eurocentric expectations and traditionsRead MoreAfrican American Exceptionalism1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe abolishment of slavery has never made America Exceptional because the systematic oppression of African Americans occurred for decades after they were freed. American Exceptionalism is the belief that Americans are superior because the United States follows a different set of laws and norms that govern other countries. Supposedly, these differences account for the freedom that Americans have, which other countries lack. However, not all Americans, such as African Americans, have been able to practice

Wiesel Interview Journal Free Essays

What acts of inhumanity are still occurring in the world? What lessons from the Holocaust still need to be learned? The Holocaust, which also known as Shah, was a genocide in which approximately 11 million people died, including 6 million Jews that were brutally abused and killed by the German military, under the command of Doll Hitler. This is a shameful and scandalous episode of humanity history, Is â€Å"Not of one crime but thousands of crimes done every day, not of one cruelty but millions of cruelties†, as an anonymous reviewer on Amazon stated. Ell Wisest, a survivor of this horrifying event, has published 47 books, Including his book Night which retelling his shocking experience, what he had to go through In the Auschwitz concentration camp. We will write a custom essay sample on Wiesel Interview Journal or any similar topic only for you Order Now He later won the Nobel Peace prize. Although concentration camps have been liberated by American troops In 1945, the consequences are still there. Survivors were badly affected by diseases, starvation, etc. There are still thousands of Inhumanity actions around the globe, even nowadays. For example, a few tribes allow men to rape young girls, which is against man’s rights. Also, human trafficking, torturing, school shootings, child abuse, etc. The infamous 201 2 Delhi gang rape in which the victim, Kyoto Sings Pander, was raped and murdered, died from her injuries 13 days later. This made people questioned about women’s rights in India. The incident was widespread throughout India and worldwide, uprising the numbers of protests against the state and central governments. So, we know that there are uncountable crimes are occurring in the world, and many of them are not being report or uncover Like Lie said in his interview with Opera, that â€Å"We must not forget about the victims [Holocaust’s victims] who had lay down, for the next generation. For ours, we hear you. † Lessons that still need to be learned from the Holocaust, are the importance of Holocaust remembrance, and the responsibility to bring war criminals to Justice. Ender each name was an identity, and beneath it was its own story. Every person has their own one, and we must not forget them. We must not forget the mass murder of 6 million Jews, including 1 million children. We must bring the murderers to the light of justice. Also, we must educate the younger generation about the Holocaust, to honor the victims’ name. To throw light on the still obscured shadows of the Holocaust. To plant the seeds of the better future amidst the soil of a bitter past. To respect those survivors who are still among us, and to reaffirm humanity’s common knowledge and about understanding and Justice. By hacking command of Doll Hitler. This is a shameful and scandalous episode of humanity’s history, is â€Å"Not of one crime but thousands of crimes done every day, not of one cruelty but millions of cruelties†, as an anonymous reviewer on Amazon stated. How to cite Wiesel Interview Journal, Papers

Wiesel Interview Journal Free Essays

What acts of inhumanity are still occurring in the world? What lessons from the Holocaust still need to be learned? The Holocaust, which also known as Shah, was a genocide in which approximately 11 million people died, including 6 million Jews that were brutally abused and killed by the German military, under the command of Doll Hitler. This is a shameful and scandalous episode of humanity history, Is â€Å"Not of one crime but thousands of crimes done every day, not of one cruelty but millions of cruelties†, as an anonymous reviewer on Amazon stated. Ell Wisest, a survivor of this horrifying event, has published 47 books, Including his book Night which retelling his shocking experience, what he had to go through In the Auschwitz concentration camp. We will write a custom essay sample on Wiesel Interview Journal or any similar topic only for you Order Now He later won the Nobel Peace prize. Although concentration camps have been liberated by American troops In 1945, the consequences are still there. Survivors were badly affected by diseases, starvation, etc. There are still thousands of Inhumanity actions around the globe, even nowadays. For example, a few tribes allow men to rape young girls, which is against man’s rights. Also, human trafficking, torturing, school shootings, child abuse, etc. The infamous 201 2 Delhi gang rape in which the victim, Kyoto Sings Pander, was raped and murdered, died from her injuries 13 days later. This made people questioned about women’s rights in India. The incident was widespread throughout India and worldwide, uprising the numbers of protests against the state and central governments. So, we know that there are uncountable crimes are occurring in the world, and many of them are not being report or uncover Like Lie said in his interview with Opera, that â€Å"We must not forget about the victims [Holocaust’s victims] who had lay down, for the next generation. For ours, we hear you. † Lessons that still need to be learned from the Holocaust, are the importance of Holocaust remembrance, and the responsibility to bring war criminals to Justice. Ender each name was an identity, and beneath it was its own story. Every person has their own one, and we must not forget them. We must not forget the mass murder of 6 million Jews, including 1 million children. We must bring the murderers to the light of justice. Also, we must educate the younger generation about the Holocaust, to honor the victims’ name. To throw light on the still obscured shadows of the Holocaust. To plant the seeds of the better future amidst the soil of a bitter past. To respect those survivors who are still among us, and to reaffirm humanity’s common knowledge and about understanding and Justice. By hacking command of Doll Hitler. This is a shameful and scandalous episode of humanity’s history, is â€Å"Not of one crime but thousands of crimes done every day, not of one cruelty but millions of cruelties†, as an anonymous reviewer on Amazon stated. How to cite Wiesel Interview Journal, Papers

Twelfth Night Report Essay Example For Students

Twelfth Night Report Essay Malvolio is Olivias head servant, and is incharge of all the other servants. He is quite old a wears dark clothing. He wants to marry olivia, is very serious and never ever smiles. He dislikes Sir Toby and Sir Andrew because they do not treat olivias home with any respect. He often imagines what it would be like to be above of them as at the moment he cannot say anything to them as they are more important than him. He gets angered that he is benief them and often takes it out on Maria who is a servant. We will write a custom essay on Twelfth Night Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When he spots the letter; upposedly from Olivia he becomes overjoyed. In act 2 scene 5 Malvolio should be dressed in dark clothing such as grey or black. He is skinny, has grey hair and a long grey biered. The setting should be in a small garden backing into Olivias house. There should also be a large box tree in the middle, as this is where Sir Andrew, Sir Toby and Fabian will be hiding. Malvolio should enter the scene day dreaming Acting into his own shadow Says Maria. To be Count Malvolio. Malvolio should say this loudly and proudly. The audience will be surprised at the entence as he is just a servant, now he is imaging himself as Count Malvolio. They will also be amused by the reaction of Sir Toby and Sir Andrew saying Ah, rouge! And pistol him, pistol him. This will further add to the sense that Malvolio is in a dream as there is no way he would say this normally. Speaking out loudly, imagining what it would be like to marry Olivia having been three months married to her And I have left Olivia sleeping Are just two quotations that sum up Malvolios mood. Malvolio should act like he is in a dream, imaging what it ould be like to be with Olivia, quietly saying the words. The audience will feel that Malvolio is acting ridiculously and share Sir Tobys sense of disgust that someone like Malvolio would sleep with or marry his beautiful niece Olivia. Malvolio wants to marry Olivia, but to boss Sir Toby and Sir Andrew around as much as he would like to be with her Toby, approaches me, curtsies there to be. Malvolio is imagining what it would be like to be above Sir Toby and boss him around, those words should be spoken sharply and quite loudly. Malvolio should pause nd smile after he says Approaches and while he says Curtsy Malvolio should also curtsy as he has done so many times in-front of Sir Toby but in his mind it is now the other way around and Sir Toby is now cursing to him. Malvolio also shouts out loudly You must amend your drunkenness from being a servant, he is now telling Sir Toby to stop drinking. When Malvolio finds the letter he is at first confused, it has no name on it, but it has Olivias seal on it. Convinced that the letter is for him, even without his name on the front he proceeds to open it. At first he is unable to understand the meaning of it. When Malvolio reads the letter he comes across cryptic clue M. O. A. I. This confuses Malvolio, but he is determined to work it out, Why M, that begins my name When Malvolio realises this he should act excitedly and speak the words quickly. The audience will fell that Malvolio is desperate to make the puzzle fit, and when he realises that M is the first letter of his name it looks like he is stupid and desperate as M could stand for anything, therefore fulfilling the objectives of Maria nd Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Fabian to make Malvolio look the fool. .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 , .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 .postImageUrl , .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 , .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9:hover , .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9:visited , .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9:active { border:0!important; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9:active , .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9 .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea9e9800500169ab909a93ca55a8bcb9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Consider the Two night scenes Julius Caesar (1.3, 2.1) EssayMalvolio then trys to figure out the next set of letters, he realises that if he rearranges them, they are all letters that are in his name. He now sure that the letter is meant for him. After reading further through the letter Malvolio becomes more and more exited. If this fall into thy hand, revolve Malvolio is puzzled at this sentence, but is in such a dream that he does turn around, thus making him look the fool once again. Malvolio discovers that Olivia supposedly likes yellow stockings and cross artering, but it is a colour and a fashion she detests. Malvolio is in such a fantasy that when he comes across part of the letter which reads Therefore in my presents still smile He completely forgets that he has never smiled before. How could Olivia like his smiling if she has never seen him smiling before. After completing the letter he is overjoyed with happiness, his dream has come reality I do not now fool myself, to let my imaginations jade me. Malvolio should say this very excitedly as he now believes that his dream has come true. The audience, knowing that the letter is a trick, find the fact that Malvolio is so happy that Olivia likes him, quite amusing. In his final paragraph, full of happiness he boasts loudly My lady loves me. During the scene Malvolios mood changes dramatically. At the beginning of the scene he is in a daydream, then when he discovers the letter he becomes confused at the meaning of the letter, when he thinks he realises the meaning, and that it is a love letter from Olivia he becomes overjoyed with happiness and this mood continues to the end of the scene.

Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Free Online Research Papers Capital punishment is the legal imposition of death on a person convicted of a crime. At the root of this controversial subject are moral, legal and ethical concerns. It is said to be reserved for the most serious, heinous crimes and its use has been justified through claims of deterrence and prevention of further crimes. The death penalty has often been warranted from a religious viewpoint, quoting the command of Exodus in the saying an â€Å"eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth, life for a life† (Meltsner, 1973, p. 46). In contrast to this way of thinking, many people have come to heed the words of the late Martin Luther King, Jr. who warned that an eye for an eye attitude only makes everyone blind (Bessler, 2003). One would think it strange if one would suggest that we rape the rapist or rob the armed robber. Yet, our society continues to justify murdering the murderer. Throughout history, minorities, especially African Americans, have been treated differently than their white counterparts in the criminal justice system. Dating back to the days of the â€Å"Old South† where blacks were lynched for the slightest infraction, there have been documented cases of African Americans having been punished more harshly than whites for the same law violations. This racial bias is especially evident in the administration of capital cases. According to the United States Census Bureau, about sixty-nine percent of the American population is of white, non-Hispanic background and African Americans make up approximately twelve percent of the population. Yet, when looking at death row inmates, blacks consist of forty-two percent of inmates. This is quite a difference in relation to their population numbers. As of July 2004, there were 3,490 inmates sitting on death row, forty-four percent of those taking residence in just three states, California, Texas, and Florida. And, published research has shown that the death penalty in Florida, Georgia, and Texas is reserved almost exclusively for those (white or black) who kill whites (Death). During this year alone, fifty-nine prisoners have been killed at the hands of the state (â€Å"Facts†, 2004). The manner in which capital punishment is administered in this country is far from being free of discrimination in its application. The Supreme Court of the United States first officially recognized this bias in the landmark decision, Furman v. Georgia (1972), in which the court held that by imposing the death penalty, punishment is â€Å"cruel and unusual†. And most recently, New York declared its use of the death penalty unconstitutional (â€Å"Facts†, 2004). All of the justices in the majority of the Furman decision had different views on why the death penalty infringed on the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, however they all agreed that it was unconstitutional (Bessler, 2003). Justice William Douglas wrote: The words cruel and unusual certainly include penalties that are barbaric. But the words, at least when read in light of the English proscription against selective and irregular use of penalties, suggest that it is cruel and unusual to apply the death penalty or any other penalty selectively to minorities whose numbers are few, who are outcasts of society, and who are unpopular, but whom society is willing to see suffer though it would not countenance general application of the same penalty across the board. There is increasing recognition of the fact that the basic theme of equal protection is implicit in cruel and unusual punishments. A penalty . . . should be considered unusually imposed if it is administered arbitrarily or discriminatorily. The extreme rarity with which applicable death penalty provisions are put to use raises a strong inference of arbitrariness. Yet we know that the discretion of judges and juries in imposing the death penalty enables the penalty to be select ively applied, feeding prejudices against the accused if he is poor and despised, and lacking political clout, or if he is a member of a suspect or unpopular minority, and saving those who by social position may be in a more protected position (Furman v. Georgia, 1972). Justice Brennan, also in the majority, wrote, â€Å"When a country of 200 million rarely inflicts an unusually severe penalty, the inference is strong that the penalty is unfairly and irregularly applied, that it runs counter to community values, and that there is a deep-seated reluctance to employ it. The notion that because people fear death the most, the death penalty is a superior deterrent to crime only applies to those who think rationally about committing capital offenses† (Bessler, 2003, p. 94). In the Furman v. Georgia (1972) decision, the concurring justices agreed that the Constitution prohibited the execution of the 631 men and two women held on death row in 32 states. Of those 633 inmates, 547 were murderers, 80 were rapists and four were armed robbers; of which 351 were black, 267 white and 13 of other racial backgrounds. All of the condemned had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment, to a term of years, or, in a few cases, to new trials (Bessler, 2003). The Supreme Court eventually rescinded this decision in 1976. In relation to discrimination in capital punishment, Bessler (2003) identifies seven common myths: Myth #1: Innocent people aren’t executed. The Stanford Law Review published a study in 1987 and found that since 1900, at least 23 people who were possibly innocent have been put to death. Over 100 people have been released from death row since 1973 because of uncertainties about their guilt or because DNA or other evidence positively proved their innocence (Bessler, 2003). So far this year, there have already been five exonerations (â€Å"Facts†, 2004). Bessler (2003) calls attention to a study conducted by James Liebman, a professor at Columbia Law School, which showed just how many mistakes are made in death cases. The study looked at 4,578 capital sentences reviewed by state appellate courts and 599 capital sentences reviewed in federal habeas proceedings from 1973 to 1995. Of the 4,578 death sentences reviewed on direct appeal, 41% were tossed out due to serious error. Even more sentences were vacated in state habeas corpus proceedings, and of the 599 sentences reviewed by federal courts, 40% were set aside because of potentially fatal errors. In those instances, it took on average more than seven years to detect the errors. Incompetent defense attorneys were responsible for 37% of mistakes, 20% involved faulty jury instructions and 19% were due to police or prosecutorial error. At retrials, 75% of convicts whose death sentences were vacated got lesser sentences or acquitted. The overall error rate from 1973 to 1995 in capital c ases was 68% (p. 89). A margin of error that high is hardly acceptable on university level exams, yet our society continues to allow people to be put to death under such circumstances. George W. Bush, former governor of Texas, expresses confidence that no innocent inmates were ever executed during his gubernatorial tenure. â€Å"I know there are some in the country who don’t care for the death penalty,† he once said on the presidential campaign trail, â€Å"but I’ve said once and I’ve said a lot, that in every case we’ve adequately answered innocence or guilt† (Bessler, 2003, p. 71). Yet, under his administration, Bush decided that 30 minutes was too long to spend on a final review of a death sentence, so he cut reviews to a mere 15 minutes. How can someone â€Å"adequately† determine guilt or innocence in a 15-minute review? A former French justice minister, Robert Badintor, was so bothered by Bush’s oversight of (and lack of oversight of) more than 100 Texas executions that he called Bush â€Å"the world champion executioner† (Bessler, 2003, p. 77). Perhaps Bush should have followed the lead of Illinois Governor George Ryan, who in 2000, declared a moratorium on executions in his home state. After 13 death row inmates were exonerated by new evidence, Ryan said he would not allow any more executions unless an independent panel could give him a â€Å"one hundred percent guarantee† against any mistaken convictions (Bessler, 2003, p. 68). Also in 2000, President Clinton and Attorney General Janet Reno concluded that a moratorium on federal executions was necessary to conduct a further study of the problem. That study was ditched in 2001, when President Bush’s newly appointed Attorney General, John Ashcroft, declared that another study showed â€Å"no evidence of racial bias in the administration of the federal death penalty† and who declared the Department of Justice would not postpone executions on the basis of doubts about racial fairness (Bessler, 2003, p. 88). Myth #2: Death row inmates all get fair trials. How much does a trial cost? For some, it is merely a monetary issue. For others, it can cost them their life. A fair trial inherently revolves around the ability to retain competent counsel, and under most circumstances, competent counsel does not come under the guise of a court appointed attorney. For example, in Alabama there is no state funded public defender system. Attorneys, subject to severe compensation restrictions by the state, end up representing defendants in capital cases who are unable to afford counsel. Until 1999, Alabama’s cap on compensation in capital cases was the lowest in the nation. Alabama’s hourly rate of compensation was $20 per hour for out-of-court work and $40 per hour for in-court activity. Out-of-court compensation was capped at $1,000 per phase of a capital trial. These restrictions led many lawyers to neglect the time necessary to effectively assist their clients in capital cases. (Stevenson, 2004). When a poor person is tried for a capital case with a court appointed attorney, more often than not, they are receiving less consideration in their cases than someone like Scott Peterson, a California man recently convicted of murdering his wife and unborn child. Peterson was able to retain a high profile lawyer and, although he was convicted, his lawyer gave 110% to ensure Peterson was afforded every opportunity under the law. Naturally, Peterson’s lawyer was well compensated for his efforts. Another high profile example of this is the OJ Simpson case. Simpson, accused of brutally murdering his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ron Goldman, was acquitted after his team of lawyers proved how inept the prosecution was and a showed a conspiracy with the local police department. A person of modest means, who would have no way to afford such diligent attorneys, often falls prey to the injustices of the criminal justice system. In other cases, condemned inmates have been represented by drunk attorneys and lawyers who fell asleep in court or called their own clients â€Å"wetbacks† or â€Å"niggers† (Bessler, 2003, p. 75). The Chicago Tribune found that 33 people sentenced to die in Illinois were represented by attorneys who were later disbarred or suspended from practicing law. Lawyers less than a year out of law school have been appointed to defend capital cases, and incompetent attorneys have failed to hire investigators or experts, present evidence of a defendant’s mental illness, or put on any evidence at all at the penalty phase of a capital case (Bessler, 2003). In 1997, Stevenson (2004) represented a death row prisoner on appeal whose appointed attorney did not call a single witness or present any evidence whatsoever on behalf of his client at either the guilt or penalty phase during the trial. The evidentiary portion of the penalty phase takes up less than a single page of the court’s transcript. And, in a 2000 Dothan, Alabama, case, the entire trial lasted only seven hours-including closing statements and jury instructions-before an underprivileged man accused was convicted of capital murder. After the state’s presentation of evidence, the defense presented no witnesses and the jury began deliberating at 3:15pm on the same day that the trial had started. The jury sentenced the defendant to death. (Stevenson, 2004). Bedau (1987) says that, â€Å"Persons are sentenced to death and executed not because they have been found to be uncontrollably violent or hopelessly poor confinement and release risks. Instead they are executed because at trial they have a poor defense (inexperienced or overworked counsel), they have no funds to bring witnesses to court, they are transients or strangers in the community where they are tried, the prosecuting attorney wants the publicity that goes with â€Å"sending a killer to the chair†, there are no funds for an appeal or for a transcript of the trial record, or because they are members of a despised racial or political minority (p. 44). Reasons beyond the scope of control for a defendant are not legitimate enough to execute them. Myth #3: There’s no discrimination in the death penalty’s administration. Between 1930 and 1990, 53% of the 4,016 people executed in the US were black, and from 1930 to 1976, when blacks made up just 12% of the US population, 90% of all rapists executed were black. According to one report of six white men sentenced to death for rape since 1940, five had received clemency or had their convictions reversed by the courts. In contrast, of the forty-eight black rapists sentenced to death since 1940, twenty-nine had died in the electric chair. Of those remaining, twelve were awaiting execution at the Florida State Prison in Raiford. The convictions of only four of the forty eight blacks were reversed by the courts; only two of the forty eight persuaded the Pardon Board to commute their death sentences; the forty eight was killed in custody by a white sheriff under mysterious circumstances (Meltsner, 2003). Every study of the death penalty has confirmed that black male rapists (especially where the victim is a white woman) are far more likely to be sentenced to d eath and executed than white male rapists (Bedau, 1987). In some capital cases, the existence of racial bias is overt. Stevenson (2004) called attention to the case of Victor Saldano. The Supreme Court overturned his conviction in 2000 after the attorney general of Texas conceded that the â€Å"prosecutions’ introduction of race as a factor for determining ‘future dangerousness’ constituted a violation of the appellant’s right to equal protection and due process.† At trial, the state’s expert testified in the penalty phase that one of the factors associated with a defendant’s future dangerousness was his race or ethnicity. The state’s â€Å"expert† identified the Argentinean defendant as Hispanic and relied on the overrepresentation of â€Å"black and brown† people in prison to support his assumption about the correlation between race and dangerousness. After the United States Supreme Court reversed the lower courts decision based on the Texas attorney general’s co nfession of error, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reinstated the death sentence. The Texas court held that the attorney general had no authority to confess error in a death penalty case appealed to a federal court. In another case, Anthony Ray Peek, an African American, was wrongly accused of capital murder and sentenced to death in Florida after a white trial judge inappropriately admitted evidence and expedited the penalty phase proceedings by stating from the bench, â€Å"Since the nigger mom and dad are here anyway, why don’t we go ahead and do the penalty phase today instead of having to subpoena them back at cost to the state† (Stevenson, 2004, p. 87). In 1989, another case of clear discrimination was documented when a federal judge found that Wilburn Dobbs, was tried by a state court judge who had spent his life defending racial segregation and would only refer to Mr. Dobbs at trial as â€Å"colored† or â€Å"colored boy.† A jury, some who later revealed that they believed the Ku Klux Klan did â€Å"good things in the community† and that black people are more violent than whites, convicted Dobbs of capital murder. Mr. Dobbs was defended by an attorney whose own racist views included a belief that black people are â€Å"morally inferior, less intelligent, and biologically destined to steal.† The District Court and the Eleventh Circuit Court nevertheless affirmed Mr. Dobbs’ conviction and death sentence. The United States Supreme Court eventually reversed the lower court’s ruling on other grounds (Stevenson, 2004 p. 88). Myth #4: The death penalty is cheaper than life without parole sentences. In Texas, a typical death penalty case costs $2.3 million, three times the cost of imprisoning someone in a single cell at a maximum-security prison for 40 years. In Florida, death sentences cost over $3 million, compared with $516,000 for a life sentence, and in North Carolina, they cost at least $2 million more per. A recent study in California showed taxpayers would save more than $90 million per year by abolishing the death penalty (Bessler, 2003). Myth #5: Impartial jurors hand out death sentences. In a process approved by the US Supreme Court, all capital juries are â€Å"death qualified,† meaning death penalty opponents are excluded from sitting in judgment in capital trials (Bessler, 2003). An 11 state study of capital juries showed that 4 of 5 jurors agreed with the statement â€Å"persons sentenced to prison for murder in this state are back on the streets far too soon†. Those jurors, however, routinely underestimated how long a defendant would be incarcerated if not sentenced to death. In all 11 states, citizens’ release estimates for murderers often fell far below the mandatory minimum sentence required by state law. Defendants are thus sentenced to die by jurors on the basis of misinformation (Bessler, 2003, p. 82). Myth #6: Death sentences are a better deterrent than life without parole sentences. Bessler (2003) reports statistics from active death penalty states to show how ridiculous it is to say the death penalty deters or reduces violent crime more effectively than incarceration. In 1997, Louisiana had 15.7 murders per 100,000 residents; by comparison, Minnesota’s murder rate was 2.6 per 100,000. Texas has one of the country’s worst records when it comes to violent crime. From 1988 to 2000, 1,608,276 violent crimes were reported, including 23,795 murders. There were, on average, over 10 murders per year, per 100,000 residents. A recent study commissioned by the New York Times examined FBI data and found that death penalty states’ average homicide rates consistently exceed those of non-death penalty states. That study showed that, â€Å"over the last twenty years, death penalty states’ murder rates have been, on a per capita basis, an astonishing 48 to 101 percent higher than those in non-death penalty states† (Bessler, 2003, p. 35). As one can easily detect from the examples provided, racial discrimination can rear its ugly head in most aspects of the criminal justice system. In capital cases especially, continued bias from judges, juries and attorneys often condemn defendants before they are even tried. Justice Harry Blackmun, who stated in his bold dissent in Callins v. Collins (1994) â€Å"From this day forward, I no longer shall tinker with the machinery of death. For more than twenty years I have endeavored- indeed, I have struggled- along with a majority of this Court, to develop procedural and substantive rules that would lend more than the mere appearance of fairness to the death penalty endeavor.† Blackmun continued, â€Å"Rather than continue to coddle the Courts delusion that the desired level of fairness has been achieved and the need for regulation eviscerated, I feel morally and intellectually obligated simply to concede that the death penalty experiment has failed. â€Å" It is virtually self-evident to me,† he says, â€Å"now that no combination of procedural rules or substantive regulations ever can save the death penalty from its inherent constitutional deficiencies.† â€Å"The basic question-does the system accurately and consistently determine which defendants deserve to die? -cannot be answered in the affirmative,† Blackmun wrote. â€Å"The problem is that the inevitability of factual, legal, and moral error gives us a system that we know must wrongly kill some defendants, a system that fails to deliver the fair, consistent, and reliable sentences of death required by the Constitution.† Even when the problems with the administration of justice in capital cases are recognized, no action has been taken to prevent problems for occurring in the future. So the debate continues, as it has for hundreds of years. Bedau (1987) summed it up simply: The actual study of why particular persons have been sentenced to death shows those executed were usually the unlucky victims of prejudice and discrimination, the losers in an arbitrary lottery that could have just as well spared them, the victims of the disadvantages that almost always goes with poverty. However, heinous murder and other crimes are, the system of capital punishment does not compensate for or erase those crimes. It tends only to add new injuries of its own to catalogue of human brutality (p. 44). References Bedau, H. (1987). Death is Different. Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press. Bessler, J. (2003). Kiss of Death. Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press. Callins v. Collins, 510 U.S. 1141 (1994) Facts About the Death Penalty. (2004). Retrieved November 24, 2004, from Death Penalty Information Center Web site: deathpenaltyinfo.org/FactSheet.pdf Haas, K. C., Inciardi, J. A. (1988). Challenging Capital Punishment: Legal and social approaches. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications. Meltsner, M. (1973). Cruel and Unusual: The Supreme Court and Capital Punishment. New York, New York: Random House. Stevenson, Bryan (2004). â€Å"Close to Death: Reflections on Race and Capital Punishment in America† in Bedau and Cassell eds., Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment? New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 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The Many Ways of Via

The Many Ways of Via The Many Ways of â€Å"Via† The Many Ways of â€Å"Via† By Mark Nichol Via, the Latin word for â€Å"way, is also the basis of many words, many of them disguised, that refer to movement or the way things move (or act). This post lists and defines terms derived from via. In English, via itself often replaces â€Å"by way of† in writing in reference to traveling, though it is seldom employed in conversation. Words in which via is the first element include viaduct, which describes a raised watercourse, and viaticum, which refers to an allowance or provisions for a journey, or the ritual offering of Communion given to someone on the verge of death (the plural is viaticums or viatica). A viatical settlement (the phrase is sometimes simplified to viatical) is an insurance agreement pertaining to a death benefit. Voyage, too, stems from via by way of French. Someone who voyages is a voyager; the French equivalent, voyageur, describes someone employed to transport goods for a fur-trapping company, especially in colonial Canada. Other words derived from via include deviate (literally, â€Å"turn out of the way†), which means â€Å"differ from the norm† or â€Å"leave the expected course.† As a noun, the word describes a sexual pervert, though deviant is more commonly employed for that meaning; deviant is also an adjective in this context, while devious describes someone who is cunning or deceitful (although it is used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for errant, roundabout, or remote). Deviation describes a departure or difference, and deviance pertains to perversion. Convey and convoy (â€Å"with way†) both refer to carrying away, but to convey is to bear, deliver, impart, or pass, while convoy means â€Å"accompany,† especially for protection, and as a noun refers to the act of accompanying for protection, or one or more people or things that provide such protection, usually in the context of a group of vehicles or vessels. An envoy (â€Å"way in†) is a messenger or a representative from one government to another; the word may refer to someone with a particular diplomatic rank. It may also pertain to concluding remarks to a poem, song, or other composition, though the French spelling envoi is usually employed in that sense. Invoice, meanwhile, is not related to voice; it stems from the otherwise obsolete â€Å"message† sense of envoi. Pervious (â€Å"way through†) means â€Å"accessible† or â€Å"permeable,† though its antonym, impervious, is much more common. Previous (â€Å"way before†), meanwhile, means â€Å"prior† or, rarely, â€Å"premature.† An instance of being previous is previousness, and the adverbial form is previously. To obviate (â€Å"get in the way of†) is to prevent or to make unnecessary (an act of doing so is obviation), while obvious means â€Å"easily seen or understood,† and the noun form is obviousness. Quadrivium (â€Å"four ways†) and trivium (â€Å"three ways†) refer to the division of the seven classical literal arts. (The former comprises arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and music, and the latter consists of grammar, logic, and rhetoric.) Trivium also, in Latin, referred to a three-way crossing, where information might be posted- or passed on by travelers meeting at the intersection. From that idea, English acquired trivia, meaning â€Å"inconsequential information.† The adjective trivial pertains to such information but also has the broader senses of unimportant and ordinary; to portray something substantial as trivial is to trivialize it, and the noun form triviality denotes the quality or state of being trivial or something trivial. (Trifle, meaning something trivial and the name of a type of dessert, though it appears as if it could be related to trivial, is actually from an Anglo-French word, by way of Old English, meaning nonsense.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?On Behalf Of vs. In Behalf Of50 Words with Alternative Spellings

1 page for Leaflet about Bikesharing system already prodived your Assignment

1 page for Leaflet about Bikesharing system already prodived your examples - Assignment Example The message will be delivered to the market in different venues. This tends to aid in event awareness, on the healthy wise, the bikes are simple way of exercising they are propelled manually, this give a rider work out. This is advisable since its makes muscles flexible and burn out unwanted fats in the body. Our biking systems are so simple, easier and convenient way. They don’t disrupt pollution is either way neither through air nor land. This system is environmental friendly. It’s also requiring less skills and knowledge in its operation. This makes the user feel easier and smoother while using the system. It gives the free service on its users. Affordability is a major bit in this system. The prices are meant to suit different consumers financial capabilities. Its spare parts are also readily accessible, leading to easier and faster maintenance. Consumers are able to acquire the bikes at their best prices in the current market, enabling even lower and middle leveled class to enjoy the system. The bikes come with full package. Including, free registration numbers. These minimize bureaucracy involved in the process of registration, saving time and the extra costs occurred in the process. It gives riders free time to start enjoying its products on immediate basis. It enables the user to get full access of the holding documents, to provide full ownership of the bike. The authority will have the knowhow about the legal owner of the products, in case of

A mini essay regarding sexuality, and sexualized violence and sexual

A mini regarding sexuality, and sexualized violence and sexual assault - Essay Example In addition, about 99 percent of the convicted rapists are males (RAINN, 2010). Prevalence of rape in different countries varies, where some report higher rates than others do. Sweden for instance has one of the highest reported incidents of rape in developed countries and in the globe. Various factors account to this disparity in incidents of rape. These include inconsistencies in definition of rape, underreporting and ignorance (Meyer, 2006). Different societies define rape in various contexts causing disparities in reported incidents. In some societies, it is acceptable for a man to have sex with a woman irrespective of her consent. In such situations, the channels for reporting such cases are virtually non-existent and victims are left with no option of seeking legal redress. Moreover, the society focuses more on male – female rape, overlooking other types such as male-male, female- male , and female –female sexual abuse (Malamuth, 1986). In societies with low literacy levels, many crimes including rape go unreported because of strong cultural or traditional values that prevent victims from reporting due to fear. Hence, in conservative, third world and developing nations the incidents of rape could be higher than reported data because of ignorance , underreporting and other factors. Similarly, developed countries report high incidents of rape because victims are more informed about their rights and there are competent and broad legal definitions of the crime. Sexual violence is caused by various factors as explained by many theories to explain the phenomena. Meyer(2006) classified these into two categories, namely offender based factors and societal influence Offender based factors include biological make up of an individual such as high levels of hormones that increases aggression, including testosterone and serotonin, abusing drugs such as alcohol, in addition to sex and power motives. Societal influence includes

Health Promotion Activity for HIV

Health Promotion Activity for HIV Health promotion about raising awareness of Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV). Group members Grace Gaisey, Ethel Onyewuotu, Isabelle Bialan, John Daramewa, Nana Sarpong- Mensah and Peace Uzoma. Introduction This essay highlights assessing, planning, implementing and the evaluation of a health promotion activity on HIV. The World Health Organisation (WHO), 2013) defines HIV as a virus which infects the cells in the immune system by destroying its function to a stage that infections may begin to occur as a result of weakening the immune system. Assessment of Health Need Health needs assessment is an efficient method in reviewing health issues involving a population which leads to approved priorities and allocation of resources that assist in the improvement of health and reduce inequalities (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2009). This is beneficial as it contributes to the description patterns of disease in a local population and the differences from other location, such as districts, regional or national disease patterns such as HIV as it is a pandemic disease (National Aids Trust (NAT), 2014), and creates the opportunity in learning more about the needs and priorities of the local population to provide the objectives needed to work towards meeting those needs (Wright, Wilkinson and Williams, 2009). Epidemiology and demographic statistics Naidoo and Wills (2009) defined epidemiology as the study of occurrence and spread of disease in a population. Demography on the other hand is the size, composition and the distribution of human populations and their changes resulting from fertility and mortality (Dudley, Poston Bouvier, 2010). HIV is a transmitted disease with almost 75 million people infected with the virus worldwide, with data trends indicating it has increased as 36 million people were living with HIV by the end of 2012 (WHO, 2014). It has also been estimated that the 75 million infected with HIV caught the virus by means of transmission, such as sexual intercourse and mother to child transmission (WHO, 2013). For instance, it has been estimated that 5.1 million of children worldwide have been infected with HIV through mother to child transmission (NAT, 2013). Thus, early infant diagnosis is being scaled up in many countries, but in 2011 only 35% of the infants born to mothers living with HIV received HIV test and has been increased by 46% between 2010 and 2012 from 2.4 million to 3.5million (WHO, 2013). The demographic statistics from data trends indicates that, about 36 million people have died of HIV globally since 2012 compared to 30.3 million people in 2001 which shows an increase of 17% (WHO, 2014). Although the mortality among the population are infants aged 1-5 years and has increased with 3.34 million (NAT, 2013). HIV causes mortality among adults, however, according to estimates by WHO (2013), infants who has HIV are more likely to die between the ages of 1 and 5 years, respectively, with 2.3 million dying as a result while adults have the likelihood of dying between 15 and 60 years. Target group The target group for this HP activity is 15-24 years as statistics shown by the Public Health England (PHE) (2013) indicate young people under 25 are more at risk of contracting HIV with a peak age of women between 15-20 years and 20-24 for men. This has been indicated as a public health issue in many countries as 40% of new HIV infections are seen among 15 to 24 year olds (PHE, 2013). WHO (2013) further corresponded stating, half of the 75 million people infected with HIV in the world are young women aged 15 to 20 years, accounting for all new infections, and there is a growing recognition that these women and girls with HIV infection is shaped by gender inequalities and violence against them. Behavioral aspects that might affect this health issue. According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (2014), behavioral aspects that can affect the risk of HIV includes individual sexuality and self-esteem. For instance, research indicates that most ongoing risk behaviour for HIV transmission has been described for men who have sex with men (MSM) (NAT, 2014). It has also been estimated that, 10 million people of MSM are living with HIV globally and in 41,100 in the UK in 2012 which has been increasing in the recent years, making public health experts have concerns about the rising rate among MSM (NAT, 2014). Policies In 2013, World Health Organisation published a global policy in which they provided recommendations on HIV testing and counselling. They estimated that about 20 million adolescents aged 10-24 years are living with HIV worldwide with half of them unaware of their infection. This policy aims at giving a high priority to enhance access to HIV testing and counselling globally, which is beneficial as it involve the improvement of health and is appropriate for the HP activity as advising people on HIV testing and offering counselling gives the opportunity to care, treatment and support for people and permit them to know their status (British HIV Association, 2014). In addition, the policy also outlined the need for giving sufficient information on HIV awareness and an early diagnosis and treatment as it can reduce the progression and the prevention of HIV transmission. Thus, the WHO (2013) corresponded by recommending that HIV testing and counselling should be offered in global hospitals as this will assist the diagnosis and management of the infection. In the UK, the NAT (2012) provides a policy based on HIV prevention and its aim is to promote health of the UK population with a prevention of an HIV test action plan to reduce late diagnosis of HIV in the UK. This is a relevant policy as HIV has become a generalised epidemic in the UK that affects the health and well being of enormous people from all social classes (NAT, 2014). HIV is not only a health issue, but also a developmental issue that affects the social, cultural, political and the economics of the country (British HIV Association, 2014) as it is associated with serious morbidity that includes a high cost of treatment and care (PHE, 2013). The initiative of this policy is to facilitate an increase in HIV testing in all healthcare settings in order to reduce the proportion of individuals who are unaware of their HIV infection with the motive of benefitting the individual and the public health. This is vital as maintaining focus on increasing regular HIV testing is a key component of the prevention and care of the people in raising the awareness of HIV of the people in the UK. As a result, the UK national guidelines for HIV testing from the British HIV Association, (2008) recommends that an HIV test should be offered to all newly registering patients in general practice and general hospital admissions and promote the awareness of HIV which will assist in reducing late diagnosis of HIV. Type of needs According to NICE (2008), an understanding of the assessment of health needs requires a definition of need which indicates the capacity of a benefit from an intervention. Bradshaw (1972) suggests there are four dimensions of need; however, the Bradshaw need chosen was the normative need as it is based on professional judgement (Coles Porter, 2008). It creates the need for professionals to identify standard requirements (Gruen Black, 2006). For instance, the WHO (2013) recommended that HIV testing should be offered in global hospitals. This indicates a health need as data indicates that most people are unaware of their infection (NAT, 2013). Approach Ewles and Simnett (2003) model comprises of five approaches to health promotion which consists of medical approach, behavioural change approach, educational approach, societal change approach and client-centred approach. Thus, the educational approach was chosen as having an educational approach in health promotion offers individual information to ascertain health benefits for themselves (Ewles and Simnett, 2003). The health belief model is seen to be the most common theory used in health promotion, providing the benefits of educational approach (Glanz, Rimer Viswanath, 2008). The model is essential for addressing problem behaviours that raises health concerns (Black, Hawk Keene, 2006). For example, high risk of sexual behaviour and the possibility of contracting HIV, this is an identification of individual behaviours. Willz (2007) further suggested that health professionals need to be mindful of this model so as to enable them in educating and promoting health in individuals from various cultural and ethnic groups. The strength of the educational approach is based on the fact that it permits people to make an informed decision about their health by providing knowledge and information to different cultural and ethnic groups which the health belief model corresponds to. However, Naidoo and Wills (2009) further explain that the educational approach differs from the other approaches as it does not use reinforcement to achieve its aim which is a limitation. The Royal College of Nursing (2011) corresponded with this view advocating that the role of the nurse is to inform and not persuade. Aims and Objectives The group had aims and objectives to ensure everyone recognizes what needs to be achieved. For that reason, the group identified the aim as raising awareness for HIV and with the objectives that comprises participants will be able to identify the main differences between HIV and AIDS, identify the symptoms of HIV and the safest option to fight off the menace, able to understand three risk factors of transmitting HIV and identify three places to access information on HIV. Evaluation Stufflebeam and Shinkfield (2007) explained health promotion evaluation as a process that is concerned with assessing health related activity against the goals in a way that results and contributes to future decision making. In addition, Black, Hawks Keene (2006) further stated that evaluation is made so as to determine if aims and objectives have been met and determine the efficiency of the methods used. This is vital as without evaluation, the idea of if objectives are met would not be known and also problems and weakness encountered would not be seen to rectify. Thorogood and Coombes (2010) states there are three stages of evaluation in health promotion; this includes process, impact and outcome. In the process of the health promotion activity, the group utilised a method of approach so as to achieve the aims and objectives. Thus, the educational approach was chosen as the group used educational materials such as penis model as an illustration on safe use of condom, posters which were clear and easy to read, distributed leaflets to assist in expanding the knowledge of the participants on HIV awareness as Linsley, Kane and Owen (2011) states, good quality health information leaflets assist individuals to make informed choices about their health. In addition, Health belief model (1974) suggests that, people need to have some kind of knowledge, such as information given to them through leaflets and posters to take actions in changing their behaviour or make a health related decision. The interactions that took place during the health promotion(HP) activity was done through raising awareness of HIV to our target group by explaining and discussing the health issue with the participants and after giving a questionnaire for them to answer to enable the group gather information on as to whether the objectives has been met. The impact evaluation involves in assessing the activity in regards of the aims and objectives set by the group. Naidoo and Wills (2008) state that the impact evaluation is the immediate effect the health promotion have on people. Essentially, this refers to the measurement of what has been achieved by the group. The questionnaire given to the participants were analysed by the group which indicated that 87% in 27 people tick the right answer and 3 people in 13% had the wrong answer. From the evaluation carried out, 13% of the participants answered the questionnaire wrongly because it was distributed to them before explaining what the health issue was about. Out of the 30 questions set, only 3 participants had it wrong, which means the group was able to expand the knowledge of the participants and their understanding on HIV. Green and Kreuter (2008) explained outcome evaluation measures as the long term effects of HP activity and whether it has achieved its goals. The outcome effect of the HP activity will be difficult for the group to identify as it there will be a follow up which will be difficult to contact participants again. There are some improvements that could have been made to improve the HP activity. Hence, demonstration of the penis model should be kept in a discreet position and not visible to the audience so as to not be seen as offensive to others. In addition, the standing poster should be clear and group members must ensure it is not blocked from the audience whiles interacting with them. Royal College of nursing (2007) states health promoters are in the contribution to improving the health of the public. Thus, their role as a health promoter is to plan and develop ways that assist people improve and manage their health. Linsley, Kane and Owen (2011) further corresponded saying health promoters must have an evidence-based understanding of the important effects that can be made through health promotion interventions and communicating with people to develop their awareness of activities leading to better health and become knowledgeable about their own health status which will improve the overall health population. The HP activity on raising awareness on HIV could be carried out in Gum clinics within the target group of 15- 24 years. According to French (2009), people can go to gum clinics no matter their age. As stated by the RCN (2012), nurses are health promoters and in an ideal position to influence the people they interact with in order to empower positive health outcomes. Thus, the role of the nurse as a health promoter is to provide advice and support through one to one interventions with clients to improve their sexual health (French, 2009). The nurse can also implement guidance on prevention and risk reduction support of HIV to clients by providing relevant information, leaflets and condoms so as to raise their awareness on HIV. Conclusion This essay has outlined a health promotion activity based on raising awareness of HIV, with a health need assessments and target population identified. The essay has also outlined epidemiology and the demographic trends associated with health policies that govern it. The writer also identified the approaches and the aims and objectives with an evaluation of the effectiveness of the health promotion activity and the role of the health promoter. References Bradshaw ref. Black, M., Hawks H., Keene, M. (2006).Evaluation in health promotion.6th (ed). Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby. British HIV Association.(2014). UK National Guideline for HIV Testing. London: BHIVA. Coles, L. Porter, E. (2008). Public health skills. A practical guide for nurses and publich health practitioners. Oxford: Blackwell. Croyle, R. T. (2005). Theory at a Glance: Application to Health Promotion and Health Behaviour. 2nd (ed). Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Available at www.thecommunityguide.org. Dudley. L., Poston, J. Bouvier, F. (2010). Population and society. An introduction to demography. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ewles,L. Simnett, I. (2003).Promoting Health -A Practical Guide. 5th (ed). Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall. French, K. (2009). Sexual Health. Chichester: Blackwell Publication. Glanz, K., Rimer. B., Viswanath, K. (2008).Health behaviour and health education. 4th (ed). San Francisco: J. Wiley. Green, L.W. Kreuter, M.W. (2008).Health promotion planning: an educational and environmental approach. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. Gruen, R. Black, N. (2006). Understanding health services. Berkshire: Open university press. Linsley, P., Kane. R., and Owen, S. (2011). Nursing for public health promotion, principles and practice. Oxford: Oxford university press. National Aids Trust.(2012). HIV testing, action plan. London: NAT. National Aids Trust.(2014). Men who have sex with men (MSM). London: NAT. Naidoo,J. and Wills, J. (2009). Foundations for Health Promotion. Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall Elsevier. Naidoo, J. Wills, J. (2008).Health Promotion Foundations for Practice. London: BailliereTindall. Public Health England. (2013). HIV in the United Kingdom: 2013 report. London: PHE. Public Health England. (2013). HIV in the UK: 2013 Report. London: PHE. Royal College of Nursing. (2011). Informed consent in health and social care research: RCN guidance for nurses. 2nd (ed). London: RCN. Royal College of Nursing. (2012). Nurses contribution to public health: prevents, promote and protect. London: RCN. Royal College of Nursing. (2007). Nurses as partners in delivering public health. London: RCN. Thorogood, M. Coombes, Y. (2010). Evaluating Health Promotion. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford university press. Wills, J. (2007).Promoting Health. Oxford: Blackwell. World Health Organisation. (2013). Global update on HIV treatment: Result, impacts and opportunities. Geneva: WHO. World Health Organisation. (2013). HIV and adolescents: Guidance for HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV. Geneva: WHO. Wright. J., Wilkinson, R. J., Williams. R. (2009). Development and importance of health needs assessment. British medical journal, 316(7140), 1310- 1313. United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2009). Health needs assessment: A practical guide. London: NICE. United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2008). Health needs assessment at a glance. London: NICE.

Intelligence Led Policing Essay

Intelligence Led Policing is a strategy that reduces crime through a strategic management and effective enforcement of strategies that target prolific offenders. In order to reduce social harm, the police have to work wider partners for wider potential solutions. The police have to combine their knowledge on criminal intelligence with crime analysis knowledge so as to come up with a substantial decision. It aims in achieving crime reduction and prevention by disrupting the activities of offenders through employment of a top-down management approach. Another way of predicting a prolific offender is through strategic targeting and prioritization. Targeting should be strategic towards individuals, location or operations that will produce the best results and success, thus enabling police officers to work effectively (Peterson, 2005). In addition, the information should be from reliable sources so as to allow the best results without breaching innocent people’s rights. Another issue is the use of previous crimes records as indicators so as to foster preventive measures in order to mitigate the offender from committing crimes. This operation can happen to be the best given that the information at hand is reliable but it can be unethical if the target happens to be clean (Peterson, 2005). Furthermore, through proper data collection either through physical surveillance, electronic surveillance, confidential informants, and public records or under covers operators who have provided vital information which after being analyzed they guarantee success. In conclusion, Intelligence Led policing focuses on certain criminal activities and key criminals can be targeted for inquiry after there problems are assessed. Moreover, some character and upbringing traits are use to predict recidivist behavior which helps in predicting prolific offenders and it tries to capture both operational and ethical issues. The number of times an offender has appeared in court, drug users’ and having delinquent acquaintances foster a good prolific offender target.

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Online Help for Writing Research Papers

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